Evaluation de la charge polluante des rivières des eaux usées ménagères et pluviales dans la ville de Bukavu, République Démocratique du Congo

La présente étude porte sur l’évaluation de la charge polluante des rivières dans la ville de Bukavu. Les paramètres de pollution, mesurés dans cette étude sont la demande chimique en oxygène (DCO), l’azote total et le phosphore total, et la demande biochimique en oxygène (DBO5). Les valeurs de la DBO5 des rivières de Bukavu varient d’une rivière à l’autre dont la moyenne est comprise entre 620 mg/L et 1063 mg/L. Les valeurs moyennes de DCO varient entre 517 mg/L et 1747 mg/L. Ces valeurs de DCO et DBO5 sont très largement supérieures à la norme, qui indique une forte pollution car les résultats sont loin de la situation critique. Le débit a été mesuré systématiquement, ce qui a permis d’évaluer la charge polluante déversée dans le lac Kivu soit de 0,195 à 9,899 kg/j de DBO, de 0,393 à 22,581 kg/j de DCO, de 0,0045 à 0,3217 kg/j d’azote et 0,00015 à 0,0422 kg/j de phosphore. Une grande partie de matière organique est non biodégradable dans la rivière Wesha suite au rapport DCO/DBO5 = 2,4. Néanmoins, pour les restes des rivières leurs matières organiques sont biodégradables, ce qui indique que les rivières sont capables de se dépolluer pourvu que la quantité de décharges soit réduite. Pour la rivière Wesha il faudra investiguer la source de la pollution.Mots-clés: charge polluante, eaux usées ménagères, rivières, Bukavu, lac Kivu. Assessment of the charge polluting of the rivers, wast domestic flowing waters and vain streaning in the Bukavu city south kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo The present survey is about the assessment of the pollution load of the rivers in the city of Bukavu. The parameters of pollution, measured in this survey are the chemical demand in oxygen (DCO), the total nitrogen and the total phosphor, and the biochemical demand in oxygen (DBO5). The values of the DBO5 of the rivers of Bukavu vary from a river to the one of whose average is consisted between 620 mg/L and 1063 mg/L. The middle values of DCO vary between 517 mg/L and 1747 mg/L. These values of DCO and DBO5 are very extensively superior to the norm, which indicates a strong pollution because the results are far from the critical situation. The flow has been measured systematically, what permitted to value the pollution load poured in the Kivu lake is from 0,195 to 9,899 kg/j of DBO, of 0,393 to 22,581 kg/j of DCO, of 0,0045 to 0,3217 kg/j of nitrogen and 0,00015 to 0,0422 kg/j of phosphor. A big part of organic matter is non-biodegradable in the Wesha river following the DCO/DBO5 report = 2,4. Nevertheless, for the rests of the rivers their organic matters are biodegradable, what indicates that the rivers are capable of himself depolluted so long as the quantity of discharges is reduced. For the Wesha river it will need to study the source of the pollution.Keywords: pollution load, waters worn-out housewives, rivers, Bukavu, lake Kivu

The effects of financialisation and financial development on investment: Evidence from firm-level data in Europe

In this paper we estimate the effects of financialization on physical investment in selected western European countries using panel data based on the balance-sheets of publicly listed non-financial companies (NFCs) supplied by Worldscope for the period 1995-2015. We find robust evidence of an adverse effect of both financial payments (interests and dividends) and financial incomes on investment in fixed assets by the NFCs. This finding is robust for both the pool of all Western European firms and single country estimations. The negative impacts of financial incomes are non-linear with respect to the companies’ size: financial incomes crowd-out investment in large companies, and have a positive effect on the investment of only small, relatively more credit-constrained companies. Moreover, we find that a higher degree of financial development is associated with a stronger negative effect of financial incomes on companies’ investment. This finding challenges the common wisdom on ‘finance-growth nexus’. Our findings support the ‘financialization thesis’ that the increasing orientation of the non-financial sector towards financial activities is ultimately leading to lower physical investment, hence to stagnant or fragile growth, as well as long term stagnation in productivity

The leading digit distribution of the worldwide Illicit Financial Flows

Benford's law states that in data sets from different phenomena leading digits tend to be distributed logarithmically such that the numbers beginning with smaller digits occur more often than those with larger ones. Particularly, the law is known to hold for different types of financial data. The Illicit Financial Flows (IFFs) exiting the developing countries are frequently discussed as hidden resources which could have been otherwise properly utilized for their development. We investigate here the distribution of the leading digits in the recent data on estimates of IFFs to look for the existence of a pattern as predicted by Benford's law and establish that the frequency of occurrence of the leading digits in these estimates does closely follow the law.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, 6 tables, additional data analyi

Debt Sustainability and direction of trade: What does Africa’s shifting engagement with BRIC and OECD tells us?

This study assesses the evolution of debt sustainability in the Sub Saharan African (SSA) region. It also examines the respective contributions of OECD and BRIC to debt sustainability in the region. We reveal how the external demand for SSA goods and services from OECD and BRIC helps to lower ‘debt-to-exports’ and ‘debt-service-to-exports’ ratios, two of the main gauges of debt sustainability. Furthermore, using simple growth accounting, we assess how the net exports by SSA to the OECD and BRIC contributes to the region’s GDP growth, and thus indirectly helps to lower the ‘debt-to-GDP’ ratio, which is another important measure of indebtedness. Our study also compares the ‘actual’ debt levels of SSA with ‘hypothetical’ debt levels that simulate the contributions of OECD and BRIC. On the basis of debt sustainability thresholds of the joint IMF-World Bank Debt Sustainability Framework (DSF), we test how the sustainability of SSA debt has evolved overtime and how much the OECD and BRIC contribute to three classes of ‘weak’, ‘medium’ and ‘strong’ debt sustainability targets

Exchange rate volatility and capital inflows: role of financial development

There is vast literature examining the impact of exchange rate volatility on various macroeconomic aggregates such as economic growth, trade flows, domestic investment, and more recently capital flows. However, these studies have ignored the role of financial development while examining the impact of exchange rate volatility on capital flows. This study aims to analyze the impact of exchange rate volatility on capital inflows towards developing countries by incorporating the role of financial development over the time period 1980–2013. In this regard, the behavior of two types of capital flows is examined: physical capital inflows measured as foreign direct investment, and financial inflows quantified through remittance inflows. The empirical investigation comprises the direct as well as indirect effect of exchange rate volatility on capital inflows. The study employs dynamic system GMM estimation technique to empirically estimate the effect of exchange rate volatility on capital inflows. The empirical results of the study identify that exchange rate volatility dampens both physical and financial inflows towards developing countries. The indirect impact of exchange rate volatility through financial development, however, turns out positive and statistically significant. This finding reflects that financial development helps in reduc- ing the harmful impact of exchange rate volatility on capital inflows. Hence, the study concludes that a developed financial system is an important channel through which developing countries may improve capital inflows in the long run.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio